How is higher education enrollment changing?
Today the National Student Clearinghouse Research Center published its first analysis of student numbers for fall 2024. This is important data, as ever, and I’ll dig into it with this post.
It’s a mixed bag. Total enrollment rose, but a key indicator fell.
One caution: this is the first such report for the semester, representing just over one half of the Center’s respondents’ data. They’ll revise this over the next few months.
The good news: total post-secondary enrollment rose 2.9% compared to fall 2023, with undergrad numbers rising 3% and grad school up 2.1%. The heart of this growth is to be found in community colleges, who are using dual enrollment (teaching high school students) to rebuild their classes for the third year in a row. For-profit colleges are also doing very well, seeing their numbers up 5%.
The main degree growth is not from graduate or undergrad degrees (not the BA, BS, MA, PhD, and so on), but from undergrad certificate seekers (a 7.3% rise).
There are other positive findings. The sophomore retention rate (the proportion of first-year students who return for their second year) did better, as the drop out rate decreased. Returning student numbers were higher. In terms of race, all non-white populations enjoyed increased numbers: “Undergraduate and graduate enrollments for Hispanic, Black, Asian, and Multiracial students are seeing strong growth this fall.” Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) and Hispanic-serving institutions (HSIs) all saw increases. In terms of economic class, there were more students from the lowest economic quintile.
In terms of gender, there were no meaningful differences, as both male and female numbers rose at roughly the same amount.
Geographically, nearly all states enjoyed an increased in overall enrollment at the undergrad level:
At the graduate level things were still rosy, although more mixed:
Primarily online institutions (think Arizona State, Southern New Hampshire, Western Governors, etc.) saw enrollment rise by more than 6%.
Yet with all of these bright spots, the Clearinghouse shared some bad news. First-year student enrollment dropped 5% overall. This decline reversed gains made in 2023, taking things back to 2022 levels, and was especially pronounced in public and private four year institutions (-8.5% and -6.5%):
In terms of age, “an almost 6% drop in the number of 18-year-old freshmen (a proxy for those enrolling immediately after high school graduation) accounts for most of the decline.” In terms of economic class, this decline was especially true of state schools serving more Pell-eligible students, which saw drops of 10% and more.
Further, one negative sign of race and enrollment involves the caucasian population: “Undergraduate White students, on the other hand, continue to see enrollment declines (-0.6%).“ The Chronicle of Higher Ed generated this helpful and contrasting graphic:
I and others who attended a briefing asked Clearinghouse staff to speculate on the decline. Vice president for research Doug Shapiro thought multiple factors were in play: the FAFSA chaos, the attraction of the job market (unemployment being low), fear of student debt. The Supreme Court ruling against academic affirmative action might have discouraged some minority students from applying, at least to elite institutions.
What might we take away from this report?
I need to preface my remarks by reminding readers that enrollment matters for two vital reasons. To the extent that the United States wants more people to have more college study, the number of students who actually pursue higher education indicates how successful we are in reaching that goal. And since we’ve effectively privatized most of higher education economics, student enrollment means essential revenue for keeping college and university doors open.
First, the Clearinghouse report is very good news for community colleges, who are enjoying growth after years of losses. Their strategy of reaching into high schools is making up for their losses in the rest of their communities. It’s also good for for-profits, who saw their sector flattened during the Obama administration.
Second, certificates are in the lead. The Center’s director told me that this sounds like a short-term trend, as the number of students pursuing shorter-term credentials is continuing to grow. How many campuses will be inspired to expand their own certificate offerings as a result, sensing a growing market?
Third, there aren’t any clear signs of students responding to abortion policies. That is, we might expect younger people (who tend to be more liberal) and especially younger women to avoid states with strict abortion bans, but the geographic data does not bear this out.
Fourth, in terms of how we think about higher education, the major developments here focus on the parts of academia which don’t normally get much attention or media buzz: for-profits, community colleges, certificates, online learning. I don’t know if most academics in public and non-profit higher ed, and most Democrats, will be happy to see for-profits strengthen.
Fifth, this decline in first-year students could depress enrollments for years to come. It might mean fewer sophomores next year, fewer juniors the year after, and so on. Colleges will have to do heroic feats to boost retention, and high schools ditto to expand graduation and application, to nullify this issue.
Sixth, institutions which teach mostly online continue to grow. This is a long-running trend and feels likely (to me) to keep building up.
Seventh, it’s good to see higher ed actually grow after more than a decade of decline. We’re still nowhere near the numbers we enrolled in 2012’s peak and have a long way to go before reaching that. Meanwhile, America’s total population has grown, thanks to immigration, so we have farther still to go in reaching our peak proportion.
One last note: keep an eye out for updates to this data, as the Clearinghouse gets more evidence from its affiliated institutions.
